Marine microalgae, which support the base of the oceanic ecosystem pyramid, are responsible for about 50% of the Earth’s photosynthetic primary production, marking them as key organisms for carbon capture and recycling. Focused on the global challenge of developing alternative fossil fuels, significant attention is paid to the production of biofuels and pharmaceutically useful substances using marine microalgae. Efforts include elucidating metabolic mechanisms through multi-omics analysis, establishing transgenic technologies to build fundamental molecular tools, and developing efficient culture systems and large-scale cultivation techniques suitable for industrial use. We are working to establish foundational technologies for marine carbon sequestration and explore the possibilities of carbon recycling based on the production of useful substances, aiming to achieve carbon neutrality using insights from cutting-edge blue carbon research and technological developments with marine microalgae.